Kidney Cysts

Overview

Kidney cysts are fluid-filled sacs that form on or in the kidneys. Simple kidney cysts are common, especially as people age, and usually do not cause symptoms or harm. They are different from polycystic kidney disease (PKD), a genetic condition in which many cysts grow in the kidneys and can lead to serious damage over time. Most simple cysts are found during imaging tests for other reasons and do not need treatment. However, cysts that grow large, become infected, or cause pain may require medical attention.

Common Symptoms

• Most simple cysts cause no symptoms
• Dull pain in the back or side
• Fever and chills if the cyst becomes infected
• Blood in the urine
• Frequent urination
• High blood pressure
• Swelling in the abdomen
• Large cysts may cause a feeling of fullness
• In PKD, symptoms may include kidney stones and frequent infections
• Decreased kidney function in advanced cases

Risk Factors

• Age (simple cysts become more common after age 50)
• Family history of polycystic kidney disease
• High blood pressure
• Diabetes
• Chronic kidney disease
• Previous kidney infections or injury
• Long-term dialysis
• African ancestry, which is linked to higher rates of kidney disease
• Obesity
• Smoking

Impact on the Black Community

Kidney cysts and kidney disease in general disproportionately affect Black Americans. Black adults are more likely to develop chronic kidney disease and progress to kidney failure, partly due to higher rates of diabetes and high blood pressure, the two leading causes of kidney disease. Polycystic kidney disease can affect people of all backgrounds, and Black patients may face delays in diagnosis and referral to nephrologists. Access to regular screening, blood pressure control, and early treatment is critical to preventing serious kidney damage in the Black community.

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This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider regarding any health concerns.