Tuberculosis

Overview

Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that primarily affects the lungs but can spread to other parts of the body, including the kidneys, spine, and brain. TB spreads through the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or speaks. It can be latent (inactive and non-contagious) or active (contagious and symptomatic). While TB is treatable and curable with proper medication, untreated TB can be life-threatening. Early diagnosis and completing the full course of treatment are essential to prevent drug resistance and transmission.

Common Symptoms

• Persistent cough lasting 3 weeks or longer
• Coughing up blood or sputum
• Chest pain
• Fever and chills
• Night sweats
• Unexplained weight loss
• Fatigue and weakness
• Loss of appetite
• Shortness of breath
• Swollen lymph nodes

Risk Factors

• Close contact with someone who has active TB
• Weakened immune system, including HIV or diabetes
• Living or working in crowded conditions
• Travel to or from countries with high TB rates
• Working in healthcare or correctional facilities
• Malnutrition or poor overall health
• Substance use, including alcohol and drugs
• Chronic kidney disease
• Age over 65 or young children
• History of untreated latent TB infection

Impact on the Black Community

Tuberculosis disproportionately affects Black Americans, who have rates of TB significantly higher than white Americans. This disparity is driven by social determinants of health, including poverty, crowded living conditions, limited access to healthcare, and higher rates of underlying conditions such as diabetes and HIV that increase susceptibility to TB. Black Americans are more likely to be diagnosed at later stages and to face barriers to completing the lengthy treatment regimen, which can last 6 to 9 months or longer. Historical mistrust of the medical system, lack of access to culturally competent care, and inadequate screening in underserved communities further contribute to these disparities. Additionally, latent TB infection often goes undetected in Black communities due to lower rates of testing and follow-up care. Addressing these disparities requires increased screening, equitable access to treatment, community-based education, and culturally competent public health interventions.

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This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider regarding any health concerns.